Hume vs Kant Causality Essay Example for Free

Hume vs Kant Causality Essay Humes ultimate goal in his philosophic endeavors was to undermine abstruse Philosophy. By focusing on the aspect of reason, Hume shows there are limitations to philosophy. Since he did not know the limits, he proposed to use reason to the best of his ability, but when he came to a boundary, that was the limit. He conjectured that we must study reason to find out what is beyond the capability of reason. Hume began his first examination if the mind by classifying its contents as Perceptions. Here therefore [he divided] all the perceptions of the mind into two classes or species. (27) First, Impressions represented an image of something that portrayed an immediate relationship. Secondly, there were thoughts and ideas, which constituted the less vivid impressions. For example, the recalling of a memory. From this distinction, Hume decreed that all ideas had origin within impressions. From the distinction of perceptions, Hume created his ? microscope in order to trace all ideas back to impressions. He did this to search for the limits. If an idea could not be traced back to its impression, it was too abstruse. Hume separated the objects of human reason into two categories. First, the relation of ideas, which represented all that is ? a priori. Secondly, he created the category of matters of fact. Matters of fact made up the ? a posteriori piece of the spectrum of reason. Matters of fact are contingent, meaning they could be otherwise. In order to go beyond the objects of human reason, Hume proposed that reasoning was based upon cause and effect. Causal relations help us to know things beyond our page 2 immediate vicinity. All of our knowledge is based on experience. Therefore, we need experience to come to causal relationships of the world and experience constant conjunction. Hume stated that he shall venture to affirm, as a general proposition which admits no exception, that the knowledge of this relation is not in any instance, attained by reasonings ? a priori, but arises entirely from experience. (42) Unfortunately, our experience of constant conjunction only tells us about the past. Rationally, that is all it tells us. We can expect the effect to follow the cause, but it is not a sufficient basis to assume the effect will come from the cause in the future. These things are contingent- they could be different. The connection between these two propositions is not intuitive? it is always inferred. (480) Hume asserted that the future will resemble the past. This is the assumption underlying all our ideas of causality. If the future does not resemble the past, then all our reason based on cause and effect will crumble. When Hume proposed questions such as Is there any more intelligible proposition then to affirm that all trees will flourish in December and January, and will decay in May and June? (49), Hume demonstrates that it is not a relation of ideas that future will resemble the past; it is possible that the course of nature will change. Therefore, what happens in the future is neither a relation of ideas, nor a matter of fact. It is impossible, therefore, that any arguments from experience can prove this resemblance of past to future, since all these arguments are founded on the supposition of that resemblance. (51) Now Hume proposed that all inferences come from custom, not reasoning. Through custom or habits, we have become accustomed to expect an effect to follow a page 3 cause. This is not a rational argument. This argument centers on the theory of constant conjunction, which does not fall under either fork of reason. All inferences from experience, therefore, are effects of custom, not reasoning. (57) Hume analyzed the idea of causality by emphasizing the three demands that can be verified through observation. First he argued the aspect of constant conjunction. In this aspect, the cause and effect must be spatially and constantly existent. Secondly, he asserted that it must have temporal priority, in that, the cause had to precede the effect. Lastly, the event must have a necessary connection- we must develop an understanding of why a cause produces a certain effect. Humes critique of causation is that we cannot see it, we must infer it. For example, two billiard balls, one moving toward the next demonstrate temporal priority because one ball is moving first. Secondly, constant conjunction occurs because the balls exist together spatially and constantly. But, there is no necessary reason why this happens. Hume asserted that we can imagine a world in which the effect would be different. He then concluded that we cant get an impression of a necessary connection, we can only experience constant conjunction and temporal priority. Experience only teaches us how one event constantly follows another, without instructing us in the secret connection which binds them together. (77) We therefore conclude that reason is a limited faculty and that we have no reason to trust our common methods of argument or to think that our usual analogies and probabilities have any authority. (83) In conclusion, Hume asserted that since we do not have any impression of necessary connections, it is our expectation that believes the effect will follow the cause. page 4 The appearance of a cause always conveys the mind, by a customary transition, to the idea of the effect. (87) Since we are trained to expect the impression of necessary connection, the idea of it comes from our minds. Therefore, our belief in necessary connections of the universe is based on a rational facts. Immanuel Kant, a philosopher after Hume, sets out to reform metaphysics. Kant believed that if Hume was right, metaphysics would be impossible. But, Kant was unwilling to surrender to Humes skeptical argument, so Kant sets out to do a critique in order to explore the possibilities and reform metaphysics. Kant begins his critique searching for ? a priori knowledge within philosophy. Kant began to search for the ? a priori principles that were rationally deductible in order to explain why we perceive the things we cannot perceive. Kant believed that the only way that we could get to things necessary and universal was through ? a priori. Kant found that the concept of the connection of cause and effect was by no means the only concept by which the understanding thinks the connection of things ? a priori, but rather that metaphysics consists altogether of such concepts. (8) Kant began to examine pure ? a priori reason by establishing his critique. He stated that there are boundaries and contents. He set out to find what is inside the limitations and what is outside. Kant examined the three bodies of knowledge: math, physical science and metaphysics. Kant said that science must have necessity and universality. This places math and science within reason. Kant first divided judgement into two kinds of knowledge- analytic and synthetic. In the Prolegomena, Kant criticized Hume for having regarded mathematical judgements as analytic. Had he realized that page 5 they were synthetic, Hume would have been able to conclude that some synthetic judgements can be made ? a prior. Kant concluded that math and science fell under ? a priori synthetic judgements. This gives us universality, but it also tells us something. For Kant, knowledge must be necessary and universal qualities must come from ? a priori synthetic judgements. They have to tell us something we dont know, something completely independent of experience. This idea of Kants, completely contradicts Hume. Hume had asserted that anything based on empirical facts had no necessity, and therefore was contingent. Hume also stated that empirical facts couldnt give us universality either, because we cant know future will resemble the past. Kant stated that all Humes beliefs centered upon the fact that nothing but experience could furnish us with such connections. (24) For Hume, all science was empirical, and we could only know what happened so far. In contrast, for Kant, he said that scientific laws claim necessity and universality. It is only from ? a priori that we get universality and necessity. Kant then continued his critique to decipher if metaphysics is possible. Kant separated the faculties of the mind and the way it thinks into three distinctive categories. First, he stated that math was exhibited through intuition. The forms of intuition were ? a priori and had two capacities. First, intuition gave us space and time through pure intuition, and sensory data through empirical intuition. Then, Kant set up a metaphysical distinction between numena and phenomena. Numena represents the things in themselves, while phenomena represents the things for us. In this dichotomy we have no page 6 access to numena. The only way we can get to things outside us is through intuition, but intuition has these forms. This shows our limitations. Mathematics is not applicable to numena. We can have mathematical knowledge of phenomena. From this we can infer we have inter-subjective knowledge. Kant has given us universal and necessary knowledge in the phenomenal realm. Kant points out that the error may arise owing to an illusion, in which [he proclaim] to be universally valid what is merely a subjective condition of the intuition of thing and certain only of all objects of senses, namely for all possible experience. (39) Kant has just suggested that the error and base for all metaphysics is not distinguishing between phenomena and numena. Finally, Kant explained that everything is a distinction of phenomena and numena. We receive necessity and universality through this distinction and also from the projection that phenomena comes from certain ? a priori aspects. Therefore, the future will resemble the past, because we make it resemble the past. Kant used understanding, the second faculty of the mind to explain causality. As the understanding stands in need of categories for experience, reason contains in itself the source of ideas. (76) The function of understanding is thinking, and thinking must use concepts to be an objective thought. The presence of this objective thought verifies its actuality. Therefore, causality, for Kant, was the way in which mind puts together experiences to understand them. Kant found many problems within Humes account. Through his endeavors to prove that metaphysics is possible, and his analyzing of causality, Kant solved the problems he saw within Humes account. Specifically, in the Prolegomena, Kant stated page 7 that Hume justly maintains that we cannot comprehend by reason the possibility of causality. (57) Kant also attacked Humes ideas by describing Humes treatment of the concept of causality to be a bastard of the imagination, impregnated by experience. (5) Kant succeeded in re- establishing the objectivity of causality, a task that Hume had rejected as impossible.

Feminism Essay -- essays research papers

Feminism Feminism is the belief that women should have economic political and social equality with men. This term also refers to a political movement that works to gain equality within a male and female relationship. In a male and female relationship both the roles of the male and female should be equal. Equal in many ways ten one: they should trust each other, share responsibilities, listen to one another, respect each other, and of course love one another equally. This type of relationship is not found now a days because of the many traditions which imply that women are inferior to men. They also imply that women should stay home all day watching soap operas, taking care of the children, and making the food for their tired husbands coming home from a long day of work. Many cultures think this is how a family should be. In other cultures the woman is thought to be so inferior to the man that the woman can not even go outside of the house without having her face covered with some type of cloth so another man (other then the husband) will be able to see the woman’s beautiful face. Some people were brought up to think that the woman is inferior to the man whether it be from the traditions in the culture to the many sitcoms people watch everyday or even years ago. Some of these normal sitcoms show the wife watching TV and eating junk food all day and when the husband comes home from a hard day of work and the wife nags the husband’s ear off (Married With Children). Even tho...

Nutrition cycle

This paper gives the summary of the Nutrition cycle in the atmosphere. The Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorous cycle, Sulfur cycle and Hydrologic cycle are all discussed. The paper also mentions how the human activity has affected these cycles.Carbon cycleThe Carbon Cycle is the circulation of carbon, fats, proteins, DNA and many other organic compounds that is required for life in the biosphere. It makes up for 0.038% of the volume of troposphere and is also present in water. The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere is balanced by the generating, removing (terrestrial and aquatic producers) and cooling in the cycle. Any small changes in this cycle will affect the climate and life forms on the earth (Chapter3 55).Photosynthesis converts Carbon Dioxide into glucose. Aerobic respiration then breaks glucose and organic compounds and reconverts it to Carbon Dioxide and is released into the atmosphere. Recycling of Carbon takes place in the form of decomposition of dead plant ma tter to give fossil fuels such as coal and oil. These fossil fuels are non renewable energy (Chapter3 55).There are two main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, humans clear trees and plants that help in photosynthesis and absorbs Carbon Dioxide. Secondly, Carbon Dioxide is added back to the atmosphere by burning wood and fossil fuels. The addition of Carbon Dioxide and other gases enhances the Earth’s natural green house effect. All this leads to global warming which affects the food produced and wildlife, temperature, precipitation and increases sea levels (Chapter3 55).Nitrogen cycleNitrogen is available in large quantities in the atmosphere but cannot be directly used or absorbed by mutlicellular plants and animals. Nitrogen gas makes up for 78% of the volume of the troposphere   Ã‚  Atmospheric discharges like lighting, bacteria in aquatic systems in soil and the roots of plants convert the Nitrogen available into Nutrients that can be absorbed by plants or animals. This process is known as the Nitrogen Cycle (Chapter3 55).The process consists of Nitrification which converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions. Then Ammonification occurs wherein bacteria convert the detritus into simple nitrogen containing compounds such as Ammonia and water soluble salts (Ammonium ions). Denitrification then converts the Ammonia and Ammonium ions back into nitrite and nitrate ions and then further into Nitrogen gas and Nitrous gas, which is released into the atmosphere (Chapter3 55, 56).There are many ways by which humans are affected; some of them are as follows – First, Acid rain consisting of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Acid causes damages in the form of acid depositions. Second, livestock and inorganic fertilizers release Nitrous Oxide into the atmosphere. This affects the ozone layer. Third, Nitrates contaminate groundwater making it harmful to drink. Fourth, Destruction of forests, wetlands and grasslands release Nitrog en compounds into the troposphere. Fifth, aquatic ecosystems is disturbed when too much nitrates is released. Sixth, Harvesting of Nitrogen rich crops, irrigation and then burning or clearing of topsoil before replanting crops removes Nitrogen in the topsoil (Chapter3 56).Phosphorous cyclePhosphorus circulation occurs through the water, earth’s crust and then the living organisms. The Phosphorus cycle is slower and flows from land to the oceans. It is found as Phosphate salts such as Phosphate ions present in terrestrial rock formations and sediments at the bottom of the ocean. Water flows erodes these inorganic compounds and transfers it to the oceans where deposition occurs. This sedimentation limits the growth of plants as it is only slightly soluble but very harmful (Chapter3 57, 58).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, Phosphate rock mining is done to make inorganic fertilizers and detergents. Secondly, deforestati on of tropical forests causes reduction of phosphate in tropical soils. Thirdly, aquatic life is disturbed due to Phosphates in animal wastes, fertilizers and sewage (Chapter3 58, 59).Sulfur cycleSulfur circulation occurs through the biosphere. Sulfur is stored underground in rocks and minerals; these also include sulfate salts that are buried in ocean sediments. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as Hydrogen Sulfides, Sulfur dioxides, Sufides and Sulfate salts. Acid deposition occurs due to the conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur trioxide and then to Sulfuric acid, which along with air pollution harms tress and aquatic life (Chapter3 59).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, burning of coal and oil to produce electric power adds Sulfur into the atmosphere. Secondly, Refining of Sulfur containing petroleum is done to give gasoline, heating oil and many other products. Thirdly, metallic mineral ores containing Sulfur are converted into free metals like copper, lead and zinc, this process releases huge amount of Sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere (Chapter3 59).Hydrologic cycleThe solar energy causes evaporation of water vapour on the earth’s surface into the atmosphere. Fresh water then returns to the earth’s surface as precipitation which gets locked in glaciers, some water gets stored in the ground as aquifers and the rest becomes surface runoff, which means water flows into lakes and streams, eventually flowing into the oceans. This process of evaporation, precipitation and percolation is a continuous cycle and is called the Water or Hydrologic cycle. This is therefore a global cycle that that collects, purifies, distributes and recycles the earth’s water supply (Chapter3 53, 54).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, fresh water is obtained from streams, lakes and underground water. Secondly, land vegetation is cleared to build roa ds and construction buildings, for mining and for agricultural purposes. This process destroys wetlands and causes soil erosion, landslides and flooding. Thirdly, various nutrients in the form of fertilizers (phosphates and nitrates) and other pollutants are added to water causing imbalance in the ecological process that involves the purification of water (Chapter3 54, 55).Works CitedChapter 3. Ecosystems: What are they and how do they work? Environmental ScienceNow. http://biology.brookscole.com/miller11 Nutrition cycle This paper gives the summary of the Nutrition cycle in the atmosphere. The Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorous cycle, Sulfur cycle and Hydrologic cycle are all discussed. The paper also mentions how the human activity has affected these cycles.Carbon cycleThe Carbon Cycle is the circulation of carbon, fats, proteins, DNA and many other organic compounds that is required for life in the biosphere. It makes up for 0.038% of the volume of troposphere and is also present in water. The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere is balanced by the generating, removing (terrestrial and aquatic producers) and cooling in the cycle. Any small changes in this cycle will affect the climate and life forms on the earth (Chapter3 55).Photosynthesis converts Carbon Dioxide into glucose. Aerobic respiration then breaks glucose and organic compounds and reconverts it to Carbon Dioxide and is released into the atmosphere. Recycling of Carbon takes place in the form of decomposition of dead plant ma tter to give fossil fuels such as coal and oil. These fossil fuels are non renewable energy (Chapter3 55).There are two main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, humans clear trees and plants that help in photosynthesis and absorbs Carbon Dioxide. Secondly, Carbon Dioxide is added back to the atmosphere by burning wood and fossil fuels. The addition of Carbon Dioxide and other gases enhances the Earth’s natural green house effect. All this leads to global warming which affects the food produced and wildlife, temperature, precipitation and increases sea levels (Chapter3 55).Nitrogen cycleNitrogen is available in large quantities in the atmosphere but cannot be directly used or absorbed by mutlicellular plants and animals. Nitrogen gas makes up for 78% of the volume of the troposphere   Ã‚  Atmospheric discharges like lighting, bacteria in aquatic systems in soil and the roots of plants convert the Nitrogen available into Nutrients that can be absorbed by plants or animals. This process is known as the Nitrogen Cycle (Chapter3 55).The process consists of Nitrification which converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions. Then Ammonification occurs wherein bacteria convert the detritus into simple nitrogen containing compounds such as Ammonia and water soluble salts (Ammonium ions). Denitrification then converts the Ammonia and Ammonium ions back into nitrite and nitrate ions and then further into Nitrogen gas and Nitrous gas, which is released into the atmosphere (Chapter3 55, 56).There are many ways by which humans are affected; some of them are as follows – First, Acid rain consisting of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Acid causes damages in the form of acid depositions. Second, livestock and inorganic fertilizers release Nitrous Oxide into the atmosphere. This affects the ozone layer. Third, Nitrates contaminate groundwater making it harmful to drink. Fourth, Destruction of forests, wetlands and grasslands release Nitrog en compounds into the troposphere. Fifth, aquatic ecosystems is disturbed when too much nitrates is released. Sixth, Harvesting of Nitrogen rich crops, irrigation and then burning or clearing of topsoil before replanting crops removes Nitrogen in the topsoil (Chapter3 56).Phosphorous cyclePhosphorus circulation occurs through the water, earth’s crust and then the living organisms. The Phosphorus cycle is slower and flows from land to the oceans. It is found as Phosphate salts such as Phosphate ions present in terrestrial rock formations and sediments at the bottom of the ocean. Water flows erodes these inorganic compounds and transfers it to the oceans where deposition occurs. This sedimentation limits the growth of plants as it is only slightly soluble but very harmful (Chapter3 57, 58).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, Phosphate rock mining is done to make inorganic fertilizers and detergents. Secondly, deforestati on of tropical forests causes reduction of phosphate in tropical soils. Thirdly, aquatic life is disturbed due to Phosphates in animal wastes, fertilizers and sewage (Chapter3 58, 59).Sulfur cycleSulfur circulation occurs through the biosphere. Sulfur is stored underground in rocks and minerals; these also include sulfate salts that are buried in ocean sediments. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as Hydrogen Sulfides, Sulfur dioxides, Sufides and Sulfate salts. Acid deposition occurs due to the conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur trioxide and then to Sulfuric acid, which along with air pollution harms tress and aquatic life (Chapter3 59).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, burning of coal and oil to produce electric power adds Sulfur into the atmosphere. Secondly, Refining of Sulfur containing petroleum is done to give gasoline, heating oil and many other products. Thirdly, metallic mineral ores containing Sulfur are converted into free metals like copper, lead and zinc, this process releases huge amount of Sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere (Chapter3 59).Hydrologic cycleThe solar energy causes evaporation of water vapour on the earth’s surface into the atmosphere. Fresh water then returns to the earth’s surface as precipitation which gets locked in glaciers, some water gets stored in the ground as aquifers and the rest becomes surface runoff, which means water flows into lakes and streams, eventually flowing into the oceans. This process of evaporation, precipitation and percolation is a continuous cycle and is called the Water or Hydrologic cycle. This is therefore a global cycle that that collects, purifies, distributes and recycles the earth’s water supply (Chapter3 53, 54).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, fresh water is obtained from streams, lakes and underground water. Secondly, land vegetation is cleared to build roa ds and construction buildings, for mining and for agricultural purposes. This process destroys wetlands and causes soil erosion, landslides and flooding. Thirdly, various nutrients in the form of fertilizers (phosphates and nitrates) and other pollutants are added to water causing imbalance in the ecological process that involves the purification of water (Chapter3 54, 55).Works CitedChapter 3. Ecosystems: What are they and how do they work? Environmental ScienceNow. http://biology.brookscole.com/miller11

Qualitative Research Qualitative And Quantitative Research

Quality versus quantity or numerical as opposed to nonnumeric data is what come to mind when thinking about qualitative and quantitative research. In other words, quantitative research utilizes numbers while qualitative research does not. Another noteworthy distinction between the two methods lies in data collection. Unlike qualitative research which is employed to transform data into statistics, qualitative research is utilized to gain a deeper understanding or underlying opinions, reasons and motivations. Quantitative research is exploratory in the sense that it attempts to understand people’s daily interaction and how they perceive and make sense of the world around them (Tewsbury, 2009; Murchison, 2010). This is often referred to as the holistic approach. More specifically, qualitative analysis aims at providing rich, precise, complete and detailed description of an issue. In order to gain a deeper understanding of a problem, researchers employing qualitative approach, especially in ethnography, tend to travel long distance and study the culture of the subject firsthand. In other words, they become participant observers (Murchison, p. 7, 2010). Ethnographer’s data derives from firsthand interaction or involvement with research subject. Interactions stems from day-to-day conversations, face-to-face interviews to share rituals and emotional experiences (p. 4). Research subjects in ethnography are referred to as informants or individuals with (expert) knowledge on theShow MoreRelatedQualitative And Quantitative And Qualitative Research1972 Words   |  8 Pagesworld of research, there are two general approaches to gathering and reporting information qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach to research is focused on understanding a phenomenon from a closer perspective. 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This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 3) Different from quantitative research that collects and analyzes numerical data, qualitative research deals with non-numerical data such as interviews, participant observations, audio and visual imagesRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative research is scientific research based on something that cannot be correctly and precisely measured (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research is biased and uses preliminary reasoning to combine data (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research establishes theories to help explain the phenomena while focusing on the experiences and opinions of all study subjects (Verhoef Casebeer, 1997)

Compare/Contrast - Clean Well Lighted Place and Sonnys Blues

Conflicts Within and Amongst Protagonists A Clean Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway and Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin are interestingly tied together with their protagonists. Both are faced with various obstacles in their lives which are the main focus of each story, however, neither of the stories are written in the perspective of the central character. Nor are the struggles they face ever mentioned outright; instead, they become more defined as each story progresses. The protagonist in A Clean Well-Lighted Place, an elderly man, seems to have a comfortable life, one that the character of a young waiter finds enviable in some ways, and yet, in the week prior to the setting of the story, he tried to commit suicide. In†¦show more content†¦The old mans response to his niece is similar to Sonnys response to his elder brother in that they detach themselves from them. The protagonists are misunderstood by their own family members and interestingly react the same way to th is conflict. The elderly man and Sonny are understood even less by society than they are by their family members making them both outcasts of society. Their beliefs and actions go against the norm and the comfort level of the people they encounter, making them both misunderstood by those around them. Thus, both characters face a struggle between their own beliefs and what society wants them to conform to. Sonny grew up in Harlem where the societal norm for most of Harlems youth was to drop out of school at a young age, join local gangs, and to turn to drugs and alcohol. This destructive cycle was described by Sonnys elder brother in the following passage the boysÂ…found themselves smothering in these houses, came down into the streets for light and air and found themselves encircled by disaster. Some escaped the trap, most didnt(Baldwin, 416). Sonny escapes the trap by playing jazz piano, breaking free of the cookie cutter mold. Similarly, the elderly man in A Clean Well-Ligh ted Place does not do the things society expects

William Shakespeare s King Lear - 863 Words

On a superficial level, the characters in King Lear appear to be easily categorized as either good or evil. Edmund, Goneril and Regan are evil; Kent, Cordelia, and Edgar are good. This, of course, is a simplification- the intricacies of Shakespeare’s characters mirror the complexities of real people. In order to properly understand them, we must move beyond broad descriptions and instead examine the character’s true intentions and ideologies, as well as what Shakespeare intended them to symbolize. Although Edmund is driven by forces more powerful than simple self-preservation, we are never quite given a direct sense of malicious intent or bloodthirstiness. He may be deceitful, shrewd, and cunning, but these qualities are borne of his desire to reclaim the legitimacy that he believes human law has been denying him, not because of any malevolent feeling toward others. He professes to value natural law, believing in the Machiavellian principles of survival of the fittest, and feigning compassion and affiliation only when it serves his self-interests. Edmund’s claims of obeying natural law fall flat; they seem to merely be a convenient means of assuaging his compunctions about the sociopathic measures he takes to pursue his ambition. He both embraces and disregards these natural laws, using his very human powers of eloquence and persuasion to achieve his aims. At the conclusion of the play, Edmund has a sudden and dramatic transformation as he is dying, attempting to save L earShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1564 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is universally known for his literary output both in poetry and drama. Whether through his laugh-invoking comedies or his heart-wrenching tragedies, Shakespeare’s plays have changed the course of literature. 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The way King Lear talks in this play is very evil compared toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1611 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience life-changing events that jeopardize our sense of identity and make us question how we value ourselves. Our perception of our worth can change with what we learn through our existence, much like the characters in the play King Lear by William Shakespeare. Adversity and hardship are inevitable when characters are unable to connect themselves within their own identity or find a loss of self at some point in their role. The self-awareness, an essential a spect of their role, of many ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1320 Words   |  6 Pagesothers. Having strong communication skills allows one to better understand the situation at hand. Proper communication is essential to working out problems because of this reason. In the play King Lear by William Shakespeare, Lear communicating with his daughters, Gloucester communicating with his sons, and Lear communicating with Kent are all examples of failure of communication, which later lead to consequences and hardships that the characters must face. Without proper communication, people willRead MoreBlindness By William Shakespeare s King Lear2212 Words   |  9 PagesMaysoun Deeb Mr. A. T. Lebar EN4UN-04 13 July 2015 King Lear Blindness by definition, according to dictionaries, is â€Å"unable to see and lacking the sense of sight† by which King Lear, the classic tragic play written by William Shakespeare, illustrated the concept of blindness amongst his characters as the leading theme. King Lear and Gloucester were the characters that have been conflicted by this â€Å"blindness† that may or may not change their personalities in the very end of the play. Gloucester becomesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1546 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Sides to Every Person There are two sides to every story; that of the protagonist and that of the antagonist. As shown in the Shakespearean play King Lear, there is very little difference between the two. Edmund, who appears to be a villain, is more than meets the eye. His evil is a rebellion against the social order that denies him legitimacy. His villainy does not come from innate cruelty but from misdirected desire for familial love. His remorse in the end displays his humanity and blindnessRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1510 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s King Lear deals with tragic human relationship like the other tragedies of the author, but this story was written in social aspect and raises the doubtful point on legitimacy of some political systems. In this play, various characters form multi-layered kconflict relations. Thus, the story is being propelled towards tragedy due to numerous inner and outer conflicts of each character. However, as it is brought into being a charact er, Edgar in the end of the story, it implies new beginningRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1470 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Elizabethan era, making it relatable to all audiences, especially the modern audience, leaving room for multiple perspectives and understanding of the play. Shakespeare’s play ‘King Lear’, depicts the main protagonist’s ‘gradual descent into madness’ as a result of the forces of evil acting in the play for Lear has, to an extent, have sinned though it can’t outweigh that he has been sinned against. This is confirmed through Lear’s injudiciousness to see through his two eldest daughter’s internalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"All...shall taste the wages of their virtue...the cup of their deservings. (5.3.317-320)† King Lear is frequently regarded as one of Shakespeare’s masterpieces, and its tragic scope touches almost all facets of the human condition: from the familial tensions between parents and children to the immoral desires of power, from the follies of pride to the false projections of glory. However, one theme rings true throughout the play, and that very theme is boundless suffering, accentuated by the gruesome

Economic Analysis of Counterfeit Goods †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economic Analysis of Counterfeit Goods. Answer: Introduction: The property prices in Australia have increased significantly since 2001, which in turn has generated huge debate among economists and policymakers. The house prices of this country have increased at a faster rate compare to incomes and rents. Some chief reasons behind this increase in property prices are credit availability due to financial deregulation, low rate of interest since 2008, limited supply of land and high population growth and so on. According to the Guardian, an Australian newspaper management, homeownership of this country is chiefly depended on consumer income, which in turn has increased the gap between rich and poor people (www.theguardian.com 2018). People with lower income have spent comparatively more prices or rents compare to one with higher income. In this country, most of the cities, like Sydney and Melbourne, have experienced higher amount of median house price compare to the median household income, which in turn has decreased the affordability of houses f or Australian citizens. However, the housing prices is going to decreased in 2018 as the index of national median house price has decreased by 0.3% in December 2017 (Jericho 2018). According to the Sydney Morning Herald supply of home buildings has not affected the housing price to decrease further. The chief reason behind this price slowdown is tough banking regulations for receiving home loans. In this context, it can be mentioned that the government of Australia has supplied enough houses to meet the demand for this product in market. However, this excess supply of house does not follow the supply law and consequently the market price has remained at a higher level. The Australian market of houses can be analyzed significantly with the help of demand and supply concepts of microeconomics, where elasticity of both these two factors can be considered as one of the important tools to measure the degree of changing demand or supply while price has changed by small proportion. According to the demand law, price of a commodity and its quantity demanded has a negative relationship, that is, an increase in price of a particular product can decrease its quantity demanded while the opposite situation can also be occurred. Hence, the demand curve for a normal goods and a luxury one has always faced downward with negative slope to represent this inverse relation and can be described more precisely with the help of a demand curve (Dub 2018). In this context, it needs to mention that under this law, other factors, which can influence the demand for a product except its own price, are considered as stable. Those factors are consumers income, tastes and preferences of the concerned person, price of relative commodities and so on. Hence, the demand for a commodity can also be changed at the given price level, if income of the consumer has changed, where a positive relationship can be seen under this situation, where the demand curve has shifted to upward or downward. This shift can be described accurately with the help of a suitable diagram, which is drawn below. The above figure has depicted an inverse relationship of price for a particular product with its quantity demanded. In the above diagram, At P0 price level, the initial demand curve is D0 and its corresponding amount o f output is Q0. This curve has shifted to the right, that is, from D0 to D2, when income of the consumer has increased. Thus, at same price level the amount of quantity demanded has increased from Q0 to Q2, which has implied that at initial price, the consumer can afford more products to consume and consequently, the demand has increased. On the other side, according to the supply law, for a particular product, its price has represented a positive relationship with its quantity supplied, that is, supply of a product can be increased if its price has increased while the other situation can also be occurred (Cha 2016). Hence, the supply curve has possessed a positive slope that can be represented by an upward rising curve. This can be described accurately by analyzing a supply curve. The figure 2 has represented an upward sloping supply curve to represent a positive slope. According to this diagram, price of a product has increased by P0 P1 unit, which in turn has increased the quantity supplied by Q0 Q1 unit. In this context, it is essential to analyze the concept elasticity to measure the change in quantity demanded when income of consumers has changed by 1 percent. For normal products, the demand curve has become elastic, which means, a small change in income can influence the demand of that product significantly (Ragni and Baldin 2015). This can also be represented with the help of a diagram. The above figure has represented an elastic demand curve that has represented a positive relationship between consumers income and its quantity demanded, where at P0 price the initial output demanded has remained at Q0. As consumer income has increased, they have started to demand for normal and luxury goods, for instance, as income has increased by P0 P1 unit, the quantity demanded has also increased by Q0 Q1 unite. However, for giffen goods, this relation has become opposite (Davies 2015). People want to substitute giffen goods with normal one when their income increases. On the other side, the supply elasticity of a product has depended on its producers or sellers. Under this situation, a small change in price can influence the producers to supply more and the supply curve faced elastic by its nature (Diamond 2017). Moreover, for under the concept of inelastic supply curve, the producers cannot change its supply in the same direct in which its price change. This situation can be arrived due to limited resources. Moreover, from these concepts of demand and supply an equilibrium price of product along with its equilibrium quantity of output can be obtained, where shifting of demand or supply curve can influence both price and output level to change accordingly. According to the figure 4, Pe is the equilibrium price while Qe represents equilibrium amount of output. As income of consumers has increased, the demand curve has shifted from D0 to D1. Hence, at given supply level, this increase in demand for a product has increase its prices from Pe to P1 and the level of output demanded has also increased from Qe to Q1. Application of theory to article: The concept of demand and supply is applicable in the field of housing market of Australia. The country has huge demand for houses as the number of population is increasing rapidly, where migration is one of the chief reasons (Bayer, McMillan, Murphy, and Timmins 2016). Moreover, the government of this country has also supplied various facilities like low rate of interest to lend money and that has helped to increase the demand for this product at a faster rate. The above figure has represented the annual growth rate of population in Australia, where the yellow shaded area has measured the net overseas migration while the blue shaded area has indicated natural growth of population. It can be stated from the above diagram that the total number population in Australia has increased rapidly as the net overseas migration has increased significantly since 2008 (theguardian 2018). Hence, this increasing population has helped the demand of houses to increase further. The above diagram has supported the concept that individual income has increased significantly in Australia, which in turn has increased the demand for houses. Hence, with more incomes, the citizen of Australia can now demand for houses more. Hence, due to this population growth along with other economical factors like increase in income or reduction of interest rate has led the demand curve of households to shift rightward as shown in figure 1 (Jawad, Glant, and Millett 2017). This excess demand of houses has helped the price of this product to increase. On the other side, excess supply of a product in market has influenced the price of it to decrease. This is true for all normal goods. However, this excess supply cannot influence the housing price to decrease in future. According to some statistical data, the government of this country has supplied sufficient amount o houses between 2001 and 2017 that can cover entire demand of that product (Andersen et al. 2018). However, for this market, the excess supply of any a product cannot reduce its price level. Hence, this economic theory is not completely applicable under this circumstance. Moreover, this situation can be described with the help of some economical concept. The supply law has based chiefly on normal goods. Moreover, both demand and supply concepts are based on the assumption that each product has close substitutes. Thus, for those normal products, an individual wants to pay equal amount of money as the concerned person has received same level of utility (Yao 2014). However, according to some economists, housing does not fall under this category as different house has different features. Consequently, increasing supply of one types of house cannot reduce the demand for other types of this product and this practical factor has contradicted with law of supply In addition to this, the concept of elasticity can also be incorporated here. Being a normal good, the quantity demanded for houses can be increased comparatively more while the income of a consumer has also increased. This is true for housing market, as people have demanded more houses due to their income increment (Higgs and Worthington 2014). However, presently this demand has decreased because of banking regulations, as it has restricted to lend the money to their customers for purchasing houses, which in turn has decreased the demand for those products. The above diagram has supported the argument that has stated above. The housing price index has fluctuated drastically since 2014. It has remained at a higher level in 2017 while at the end of this year the value of this index has decreased significantly (Tradingeconomics.Com 2018). This housing price index of Australia is measured as the weighted average of price variation for residential properties, based on eight major cities of this country, which are Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth and so one (Landvoigt, Piazzesi and Schneider 2015). Here, the concept of supply elasticity has not influenced its market price. The government has intended to supply more houses while its price has increased significantly to reduce it and to increase the house affordability among citizens (Ferrero 2015). However, due to some external factors, the government cannot fulfill their plan though housing price has decreased due to decrease income of consumers, which in turn has decreased the price of houses by small amount. Conclusion: Hence, in conclusion it can be stated the entire housing market can be represented under the concept of demand and supply while excess demand among people has influenced the price of houses to increases. Initially it has been believed that the chief reason behind this increasing price its shortage of housing supply. However, the country has sufficient availability of houses, which in turn offset the entire market demand. However, by increasing the number houses, the government cannot control the situation; rather it can take some policies to control the market and to protect the self-interests of common people (Kuttner and Shim 2016). The government can revise its monetary and fiscal policies to control the market price of that product, for instance, by increasing the rate of interest for housing loans and increasing the tax structure. Moreover, they can provide houses to middle or lower income group people with cheaper rate as excess prices have become a burden for them especially. Hence, to regulate this situation, proper government regulation is essential where concept of demand and supply be implemented accurately. References: "Australia Disposable Personal Income | 1959-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar". 2018.Tradingeconomics.Com. https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/disposable-personal-income. "Australia House Price Index | 2002-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar". 2018.Tradingeconomics.Com. https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/housing-index. "Australia's Housing Market On Track To Cool In 2018 As Prices Fall In Capital Cities". 2018.The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jan/02/australias-housing-market-on-track-to-cool-in-2018-as-prices-fall-in-capital-cities. Andersen, Melanie J., Anna B. Williamson, Peter Fernando, Darryl Wright, and Sally Redman. 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